Leg Pain

Leg Pain

Common Thigh Injuries

Common thigh injuries quadriceps assessment after direct sports impact
Physiotherapy assessment helps identify the source and severity of thigh pain.

What Are the Most Common Thigh Injuries?

Common thigh injuries include muscle strains, corked thigh, hamstring strain, ITB syndrome, runner’s knee, and pain referred from the lower back, hip, or knee. The source of pain is not always obvious early, so symptom pattern, injury mechanism, and movement testing all matter.

If you are active, play sport, or have recently increased training, start by checking the main thigh pain patterns. This can help you decide whether your pain sounds like a muscle injury, a bruising injury, an overload problem, or referred pain such as sciatica.

Quick check: a sudden pull, bruising, swelling, limping, tingling, numbness, or pain that keeps returning should be assessed rather than ignored.

Seek urgent medical care: if you cannot weight-bear, have severe swelling, major trauma, spreading numbness, new weakness, or bladder or bowel changes.

Which Thigh Injuries Are Most Common?

Most common thigh injuries affect the front, back, or outer side of the thigh. However, pain can also refer from the lower back, hip, or knee. That is why a clear history and physical assessment help guide the right treatment plan.

Hamstring Strain

A hamstring strain affects one or more muscles at the back of the thigh. It often happens during sprinting, kicking, jumping, or sudden acceleration. Common signs include a sharp pull, local tenderness, weakness, and pain with fast walking, bending, or sport.

Thigh Strain or Corked Thigh

A thigh strain can follow a forceful stretch, hard sprint, kick, or sudden change of speed. A corked thigh usually follows a direct knock. Pain, bruising, swelling, stiffness, and difficulty lifting the leg are common.

ITB Syndrome

ITB syndrome is an overload problem often linked with running or cycling. Pain usually sits near the outside of the knee, but tightness or irritation can also track along the outer thigh. Training changes, hip control, and load tolerance can all play a role.

Runner’s Knee

Runner’s knee, also called patellofemoral pain, usually causes discomfort around or behind the kneecap. Some people feel pain spreading into the lower thigh, especially with stairs, squats, hills, running, or long sitting.

Sciatica or Referred Nerve Pain

Sciatica may cause thigh pain, burning, tingling, numbness, or weakness. Unlike a simple muscle strain, nerve-related pain may travel down the leg and may change with sitting, bending, coughing, or spinal movement.

What Causes Common Thigh Injuries?

Common thigh injuries often follow sprinting, kicking, sudden acceleration, awkward landing, direct contact, or repeated overload. Other cases relate to poor load progression, reduced strength, limited mobility, running mechanics, or referred symptoms from the back, hip, or knee.

Overuse injuries can build when the thigh muscles and surrounding tissues do not have enough time to adapt. This may happen after a sudden increase in distance, speed, hills, gym loading, sport sessions, or match minutes.

Why Does Thigh Pain Happen During Sport or Exercise?

Thigh pain during sport or exercise often means the tissue load has exceeded what your muscles, tendons, joints, or nerves can currently tolerate. This may follow repeated sprinting, kicking, hills, change-of-direction work, or returning to sport before the thigh has recovered enough.

The pain pattern gives useful clues. A sharp local pain after a sprint may suggest a strain. Bruising after contact may suggest a corked thigh. Burning, tingling, numbness, or pain that travels may suggest nerve involvement.

How Can You Help Prevent Common Thigh Injuries?

Prevention starts with good training habits. A suitable warm-up, gradual workload progression, and a structured exercise program may help improve strength, control, and load tolerance.

Common thigh injuries rehab exercise with supervised lunge strengthening
Controlled strengthening can support graded thigh injury recovery.
  • Warm up well: prepare for speed, kicking, and change-of-direction work.
  • Progress gradually: avoid sudden jumps in distance, intensity, hills, or sprint volume.
  • Build strength: train the hamstrings, quadriceps, gluteals, calves, and trunk.
  • Improve control: work on landing, running, deceleration, and single-leg stability.
  • Respect recovery: sleep, rest days, and lighter sessions still matter.

When Should You Worry About Thigh Pain?

You should seek help if thigh pain is severe, you cannot walk normally, swelling or bruising is significant, symptoms keep returning, or you notice numbness, tingling, or weakness. Ongoing pain that limits work, training, stairs, sitting, or sleep also deserves assessment.

For nerve-related leg pain, Healthdirect provides a useful public overview of sciatica symptoms and causes.

FAQs About Common Thigh Injuries

How do I know if thigh pain is a strain or sciatica?

A muscle strain usually causes local pain, tenderness, and weakness in one part of the thigh after a clear movement or effort. Sciatica more often causes pain that travels, with tingling, numbness, burning, or symptoms that change with back movement or sitting.

How long do common thigh injuries take to heal?

Recovery time depends on the source and severity. A mild muscle issue may settle within days to a few weeks. A larger strain, overload problem, or nerve-related presentation can take longer. Early diagnosis and the right loading plan usually help guide the timeline.

Can I keep exercising with thigh pain?

Sometimes, but it depends on the cause. Mild symptoms may allow modified activity. Sharp pain, limping, bruising, worsening symptoms, numbness, tingling, or weakness usually mean you should stop and get advice. Good management often means modifying load, not pushing through.

What treatment helps common thigh injuries?

Treatment may include load modification, targeted strengthening, mobility work, manual therapy, running or movement advice, and a graded return-to-sport plan. The right option depends on whether the problem is muscular, tendon-related, joint-related, or referred from the back.

Can thigh pain come from the knee, hip, or back?

Yes. Some thigh pain starts outside the thigh. Knee problems can refer pain into the lower thigh, hip problems can affect the upper thigh, and back or nerve irritation can send pain, tingling, or numbness down the leg.

Related PhysioWorks Guides

What to Do Next

If your thigh pain is not settling, keeps coming back, or affects walking, work, training, or sport, a physiotherapist can assess the likely source and guide your next step. Early advice may help you choose the right loading plan and reduce repeated flare-ups.

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Thigh Products

These thigh products are commonly used by our physiotherapists to improve strength, provide comfort, improve flexibility, plus assist home exercise programs.

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References

  1. Jankaew A, Chen JC, Chamnongkich S, Lin CF. Therapeutic Exercises and Modalities in Athletes With Acute Hamstring Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Health. 2023;15(4):497-511. doi:10.1177/19417381221118085
  2. Pietsch S, Lorenz S, Ueblacker P, Mickschl DJ, Hasler M, Kümmel J, et al. Epidemiology of quadriceps muscle strain injuries in elite track and field athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2024;58(2):95-101.
  3. Pietsch S, Lorenz S, Hasler M, Ueblacker P, Mickschl DJ, Schlegel TF, et al. Risk Factors for Quadriceps Muscle Strain Injuries in Sport: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2022;17(4):536-550.
  4. Sanchez-Alvarado A, Bokil C, Cassel M, Engel T. Effects of conservative treatment strategies for iliotibial band syndrome on pain and function in runners: a systematic review. Front Sports Act Living. 2024;6:1386456. doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1386456
  5. Neal BS, Lack SD, Bartholomew C, Morrissey D, et al. Best practice guide for patellofemoral pain based on synthesis of a systematic review, the patient voice and expert clinical reasoning. Br J Sports Med. 2024;58(24):1486-1495. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2024-108110
  6. Zaina F, Doniselli FM, Andreucci A, et al. Identification of Best Evidence for Rehabilitation in persons with low back pain with radiculopathy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2023;104(6):1209-1218. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2023.02.013

Common Running Injuries

Runner with knee pain pointing to knee during physiotherapy assessment in clinic

Running-related knee pain assessed in clinic

Common running injuries usually develop when repeated running load exceeds tissue capacity.

Common running injuries most often affect the knee, shin, calf and Achilles, and foot. Common examples include shin splints, runner’s knee, Achilles tendinopathy, plantar fasciopathy, and stress fractures.

If your pain keeps returning, changes your stride, or stops you training normally, it is worth comparing this page with our broader running injuries guide and sports injuries hub. These pages help you work out whether the issue is more likely to be a training-load problem, a tendon or joint overload issue, or something that needs earlier assessment.

Common signs of running overload

  • Pain that builds during or after a run
  • Morning stiffness in the Achilles, calf or foot
  • Localised shin or bone pain after load spikes
  • Knee pain with hills, stairs or downhill running
  • Symptoms that keep returning when mileage increases

What are common running injuries?

Common running injuries are overuse or impact-related problems affecting muscles, tendons, joints, bones, or supporting tissues during training. They usually build gradually rather than appearing from one single incident, although some runners also develop acute injuries such as a rolled ankle, muscle tear, or sudden calf pain.

Most runners experience pain in one of a few predictable regions. That is why the best page structure for common running injuries is not just one long list. It should help readers match their symptoms to the right body region and then move to the most relevant condition page.

Why do running injuries happen?

Most running injuries happen because your training load rises faster than your tissues can adapt. This can occur when volume, pace, hills, shoes, surface, recovery, or strength work change too quickly. In other words, the issue is often not running itself, but how much load your body is being asked to tolerate.

Common contributors include sudden weekly kilometre increases, too much speed work, back-to-back harder sessions, poor recovery, reduced calf or hip strength, limited running preparation, and returning too quickly after time off. A running analysis or sports physiotherapy assessment can help identify which factors are most relevant to you.

Most common running injuries by body region

The most common running injuries usually cluster around the tissues that absorb and transfer repeated force. The main hotspots are the knee, shin, calf-Achilles complex, foot, hip-groin region, and lower back. Start with the painful area, then use the links below to drill down to the most likely condition pages.

Assessment helps identify which tissues are overloaded and guide the right treatment approach.

Lower limb physiotherapy assessment with single-leg stance evaluating knee, shin and foot alignment

Assessing lower limb alignment during single-leg stance

Lower limb alignment and control play a key role in common running injuries, particularly affecting the knee, shin, calf and foot during repeated load.

Knee injuries

Knee pain is one of the most common complaints in runners, especially during mileage increases, hills, or downhill running. Front-of-knee pain often links with runner’s knee or patellofemoral pain syndrome, while outer knee pain may relate to ITB syndrome.

Shin injuries

Shin pain is common when impact load, hills, speed work, or total volume rise too fast. The most common diagnosis is shin splints, but more focal pain may suggest a stress fracture or another bone stress problem.

Calf and Achilles injuries

Calf and Achilles pain often flare when runners add hills, speed, sprinting, or faster training blocks. Morning stiffness is common with Achilles tendinopathy, while sudden sharp pain may point to a calf tear. Runners with persistent calf tightness, Achilles soreness, or reduced push-off power often benefit from earlier loading advice and progressive strengthening.

Foot and heel injuries

Foot pain often relates to repeated loading through the arch, heel, forefoot, or smaller stabilising tendons. Heel pain may reflect plantar fasciopathy, while metatarsal or localised forefoot pain may need assessment for a foot stress fracture. Foot symptoms that worsen with longer runs, harder surfaces, or reduced recovery often respond best when footwear, load, and strength are reviewed together.

Hip, thigh and groin injuries

Runners can also develop overload in the hip and pelvis, especially when strength, control, or recovery are lagging behind training demand. Common examples include hamstring strain, gluteal tendinopathy, groin strain, and higher-risk bone stress problems such as femoral stress fracture.

Back and trunk-related pain

Some runners develop lower back symptoms because fatigue, stiffness, or trunk load tolerance cannot keep pace with training. This may present as lower back pain, back muscle pain, or symptoms linked with reduced trunk control.

Why do runners get shin pain?

Runners usually get shin pain when impact load, hills, speed work, or training volume rise faster than the lower leg can adapt. The most common causes are shin splints and bone stress problems, so localised pain that worsens with hopping or lingers after exercise deserves earlier review.

If your pain is broad and exercise-related, shin splints may be more likely. If it is small, sharp, and very local, compare your symptoms with a stress fracture or foot stress fracture.

Physiotherapist guiding step-up exercise for lower limb strength and rehabilitation in clinic

Step-up exercise to rebuild strength and control

Step-up exercises can help rebuild lower limb strength, balance and running control during rehabilitation.

How Can Physiotherapy Help Common Running Injuries?

Physiotherapy for common running injuries usually focuses on settling irritation, improving tissue capacity, and grading your return to running. Treatment may include load modification, strength work, calf and hip conditioning, mobility where needed, footwear or training advice, and progressive return-to-run planning.

For some runners, the key issue is simply doing too much too soon. For others, the problem is repeated exposure to hills, speed work, poor recovery, or reduced control through the calf, hip, or trunk. A good plan matches the tissue involved and the demands of your running. This is also where running analysis can add value.

What to watch during training

  • Sharp increases in weekly kilometres
  • Adding speed and hills at the same time
  • Ignoring pain that changes your stride
  • Morning stiffness that is worsening, not easing
  • Localised bone pain that lingers after running

When runners should book an assessment

  • Pain changes your running style or causes limping
  • Symptoms keep returning with mileage increases
  • Morning stiffness is worsening rather than easing
  • Bone pain feels sharp, focal, or lingers after exercise

When should you worry about common running injuries?

You should worry about common running injuries when pain becomes localised, changes your running pattern, causes swelling or limping, wakes you at night, or keeps returning despite rest and modified training. These features increase the chance that you need a clearer diagnosis and a more structured rehabilitation plan.

Seek earlier assessment if you suspect a stress fracture, have calf pain that feels sudden or severe, develop marked swelling, or cannot run without compensating. Even when the injury is not serious, earlier guidance often shortens the downtime and reduces the chance of a repeat flare-up.

How can you reduce the risk of common running injuries?

You can reduce the risk of common running injuries by progressing load gradually, spacing harder sessions sensibly, building calf and hip strength, and monitoring how your body responds to each training block. Prevention is less about one magic exercise and more about managing overall running stress well.

Many runners do well when they combine graded mileage progression with simple strength work, recovery planning, and early response to warning signs. If you are unsure whether your issue is training-related, our pages on running injuries, running analysis, and sports physiotherapy are good next steps.

Common running injuries FAQs

What is the most common running injury?

The most common running injury varies between studies, but knee pain presentations such as runner’s knee and patellofemoral pain are consistently common. Shin splints, Achilles tendon pain, plantar fasciopathy, and stress-related bone pain also appear regularly in both recreational and more experienced runners.

Are most running injuries overuse injuries?

Yes. Most running injuries are overuse-related rather than caused by one dramatic event. They usually develop when repeated impact and training stress outpace the body’s ability to recover and adapt, especially during volume increases, hill work, speed blocks, or a quick return after time off.

What are the first signs of a running injury?

Early signs often include stiffness at the start of a run, pain that builds during or after running, local soreness the next morning, or symptoms that flare every time training volume increases. A small change in stride or confidence can also be an early warning sign worth taking seriously.

Should I stop running if I have pain?

Not always, but you should modify your running if pain is worsening, changing your gait, or not settling by the next day. Some minor symptoms can be managed with load reduction, while sharper, localised, or escalating pain needs earlier assessment to rule out more significant overload problems.

When is shin pain more serious for runners?

Shin pain is more serious when it becomes very localised, hurts with hopping, lingers after exercise, or progresses from exercise pain to walking pain. That pattern can suggest a bone stress injury rather than shin splints and should usually be assessed sooner rather than later.

Can running analysis help prevent injuries?

Running analysis may help when it leads to practical changes in training, strength work, recovery, or technique. It is most useful when combined with a broader physiotherapy assessment, because common running injuries rarely come from one isolated movement issue alone.

What causes knee pain when running?

Knee pain when running is commonly caused by load-related irritation of the patellofemoral joint, ITB, or patellar tendon. It often develops when training increases too quickly or recovery is insufficient.

What to do next

If you think one of these common running injuries matches your symptoms, start by using the body-region links above to narrow the most likely diagnosis. Then compare it with our detailed running injuries guide or book a sports physiotherapy assessment if the problem is limiting your training.

Earlier assessment can help clarify whether you are dealing with tendon overload, joint irritation, muscle strain, or a bone stress issue. That usually leads to a safer return-to-run plan and fewer repeat flare-ups.

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References

  1. Correia CK, Machado JM, Dominski F, de Castro MP. Risk factors for running-related injuries: An umbrella systematic review. J Sport Health Sci. 2024;13(6):743-757. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2024.04.011
  2. Frandsen JSB, Hulme A, Nielsen RO, et al. How much running is too much? Identifying high-risk running sessions for lower extremity overuse injury in recreational runners. Br J Sports Med. 2025;59(17):1203-1211.
  3. Kakouris N, Yener N, Fong DTP. A systematic review of running-related musculoskeletal injuries in runners. J Sport Health Sci. 2021;10(5):513-522. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.04.001

When Is the Best Time for a Pre-Event Massage?

pre event massage calf treatment preparing athlete before sport
Pre-event calf massage before sport.

Pre-Event Massage Timing: The Short Answer

Pre event massage is usually best booked 48–72 hours before competition if you want firmer sports massage. Deeper work too close to a race, match, or event can leave muscles tender or heavy. Light massage may suit the day before or the same day if you already know your body responds well.

A pre event massage is a short, targeted massage session before sport, racing, training, or competition. It should support your usual sports massage, warm-up, sleep, hydration, and recovery plan rather than replace them.

Ashgrove · Clayfield · Sandgate

Massage appointments available this week. Early booking is recommended.

What Is a Pre-Event Massage?

A pre event massage is a massage session before sport or exercise. It usually targets the muscles you are about to use, such as the calves, hamstrings, thighs, glutes, back, neck, or shoulders.

The aim is to help you feel ready, mobile, and calm without making the body sore or flat. Your massage therapist may use light flushing, gentle compression, short strokes, or targeted work on tight areas. Pressure should match your event timing and your usual response to massage.

Quick Timing Guide

  • 3–5 days before: deeper work may suit tight or loaded areas.
  • 48–72 hours before: often the best window for firm but controlled sports massage.
  • 24 hours before: keep pressure light, familiar, and brief.
  • Same day: use only gentle massage if you already tolerate it well.

When Should You Book a Pre-Event Massage?

Choose your timing based on how close your event is, how hard you train, and how your muscles usually feel after massage. A new or very firm treatment style is not ideal close to competition.

Timing Massage Style Best Fit
3–5 days before Firmer, targeted work Loaded areas, training tightness, familiar deep massage
48–72 hours before Firm but controlled sports massage Most athletes wanting pre-event preparation
24 hours before Light massage only Relaxation, gentle mobility, pre-event calm
Same day Brief and gentle Experienced users who know it suits them

Three to Five Days Before Sport

Deep tissue massage may suit athletes who want firmer work before an event. This timing gives your body time to settle if the session causes mild soreness.

This window may suit heavy training weeks, calf tightness, hamstring tightness, back stiffness, or areas that often feel loaded. It also gives you time to adjust training, mobility, fluid intake, and rest before the event.

Forty-Eight to Seventy-Two Hours Before Sport

For many athletes, 48–72 hours before competition is the most useful window for pre event massage. The session can still be targeted, but it should not be so intense that it affects race day or match day movement.

Timing matters because massage can change how your body feels. A known treatment style is safer than trying a new, heavy technique close to competition.

pre event massage calf pressure adjusted before competition
Lighter pressure suits event-day timing.

The Day Before or Same Day

Massage within 24 hours should stay light. Deep tissue or intense work can leave muscles tender, sore, or dull. That may affect how you move during sport.

Light techniques may still help with relaxation, comfort, and pre-event calm. Many athletes combine a light pre event massage with an active warm-up and recovery massage strategies after the event.

What Benefits May Pre-Event Massage Provide?

Research suggests sports massage may help some people with soreness, comfort, flexibility, and perceived recovery. Performance effects vary. Your response depends on pressure, timing, training load, sport type, and how your body usually responds.

Pre event massage may help with:

  • short-term muscle relaxation
  • a calmer pre-event routine
  • awareness of tight or sensitive areas
  • lighter movement before competition
  • confidence when paired with a good warm-up

Practical tip: Do not use race week to test a new massage style. Use a pressure and duration you already trust.

Can Massage Improve Sporting Performance?

Massage should not be viewed as a shortcut to better performance. Current research is mixed, and some reviews do not show a clear direct performance boost. The more realistic goal is to help you feel comfortable, prepared, and settled as part of a broader event routine.

For athletes, the best results usually come from the full picture: training progression, sleep, fuelling, hydration, warm-up, recovery, and sensible load management.

Symptoms Massage May Help Before Sport

Pre event massage may suit athletes who feel tight, tense, heavy, or mildly stiff before sport. It may also support people who often manage delayed onset muscle soreness, training tightness, or post-training muscle soreness.

However, massage is not a substitute for assessment if pain feels sharp, sudden, swollen, bruised, or worse over time. In that case, check whether you may have a muscle strain or another sports injury before you compete.

Discuss Timing With Your Massage Therapist

Tell your massage therapist your event date, sport, training load, injury history, and preferred pressure. This helps them choose a session style that fits your timing and avoids unnecessary soreness.

If you are also managing a recent strain, recurring niggle, or return-to-sport concern, a physiotherapist may help fit massage into a broader sports injury plan.

Is This Massage Right for You?

Pre Event Massage May Suit You If:

  • you have a race, match, or event in the next few days
  • you want light, targeted treatment before sport
  • you already know your body responds well to massage
  • you want help planning massage timing around training
  • you also use warm-up, sleep, fluid intake, and recovery strategies

When Massage May Not Be Appropriate

Avoid pre event massage if you have fever, infection, open wounds, unexplained swelling, severe bruising, suspected acute tearing, or symptoms that are getting worse. You should also avoid deep massage if your doctor or physiotherapist has advised against it.

If you are unsure, discuss your symptoms before treatment. This matters most if your pain is new, sharp, linked to a clear injury, or limiting your sport.

Helpful Links

Pre-Event Massage FAQs

How long before an event should I get a pre event massage?

Many athletes book a pre event massage 48–72 hours before competition. This gives enough time for any mild post-massage soreness to settle. If you book within 24 hours, keep the massage light and brief.

Is a massage the day before a race too close?

Massage the day before a race can be suitable if it is light and familiar. Avoid heavy pressure or new techniques because they may leave your muscles feeling sore, heavy, or flat on race day.

Can you get a massage on the same day as an event?

Same-day pre event massage should be short, gentle, and part of your usual routine. It should support your warm-up, not replace it. Avoid deep or intense work just before competition.

Should I choose deep tissue or light massage before an event?

Deep tissue massage is usually better 48–72 hours before an event. Light massage is safer in the last 24 hours. Your therapist can adjust pressure based on your sport, timing, and past response.

Who should avoid pre event sports massage?

Avoid pre event massage if you have an acute injury, open wounds, fever, infection, unexplained swelling, or medical advice to avoid massage. Seek assessment if pain is sharp, sudden, or worsening.

pre event massage finishing calf treatment before sport
Calm treatment before the next event.

Brisbane Massage Therapists

PhysioWorks massage therapists provide hands-on care for muscle tension, recovery support, relaxation, and sport preparation across Brisbane clinics.

Remedial Massage Therapists

Our remedial massage therapists help relieve muscle tension, improve flexibility, reduce soft tissue pain, and support recovery from training loads, desk posture, and everyday physical stress.

What to Do Next

Choose your massage timing based on your event date. Book firmer work several days before sport. Keep massage light if your event is tomorrow or today.

For more guidance, read our Brisbane massage services page or book a massage appointment at a PhysioWorks clinic.

Massage Satisfaction Promise

We aim to provide a consistently high standard of care. If, within the first 30 minutes of your massage, you feel the treatment is not meeting your expectations, please tell your massage therapist. You may choose to stop the session at that point, with no charge applied.

Book a Massage Appointment

Choose your preferred clinic to book online, call, or view clinic details.

Massage Products

These muscle and soft tissue products are commonly used by our remedial massage therapists and physiotherapists to relax or loosen muscles.

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References

  1. Davis HL, Alabed S, Chico TJA. Effect of sports massage on performance and recovery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2020;6(1):e000614. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000614
  2. Dakić M, Toskić L, Ilić V, et al. The effects of massage therapy on sport and exercise performance: a systematic review. Sports (Basel). 2023;11(6):110. doi:10.3390/sports11060110
  3. Buoite Stella A, Ruzza FR, Callovini A, et al. Immediate effects of sports massage on muscle strength, power and balance after simulated trail running in the cold. Sport Sci Health. 2025;21:1107–1117. doi:10.1007/s11332-025-01348-3
  4. Mine K, Lei D, Nakayama T. Is pre-performance massage effective to improve maximal muscle strength and functional performance? A systematic review. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2018;13(5):789–799. doi:10.26603/ijspt20180789
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