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TMJ FAQs


John Miller Physiotherapist


Shane Armfield Physiotherapist

Article by
John Miller,
Shane Armfield
TMD Physio

TMJ FAQs: Understanding Jaw Pain and TMD

TMJ FAQs usually focus on jaw pain, clicking, headaches, stiffness, and difficulty opening the mouth. In most cases, these symptoms relate to temporomandibular disorder (TMD), which affects the jaw joint and surrounding muscles. For a broader overview, start with our jaw pain guide, or compare common patterns such as TMJ headache and TMJ treatment.

This page answers the most common questions about TMJ symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. It also explains when self-care may help, when a dentist or physiotherapist may be useful, and when you should seek further assessment.

Quick answers

  • TMJ refers to the temporomandibular joint, while TMD refers to the disorder affecting it.
  • Common symptoms include jaw pain, clicking, locking, headaches, ear-area pain, and stiff chewing.
  • Jaw overload, clenching, arthritis, trauma, posture, and stress can all contribute.
  • Most people improve with conservative care rather than surgery.
  • Physiotherapy and dental input are often used together when needed.

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What is TMJ?

The temporomandibular joint, or TMJ, connects your lower jaw to your skull on each side of your face. TMJ problems are more accurately called temporomandibular disorders (TMD). These conditions affect the jaw joint, chewing muscles, and nearby structures, which can make eating, speaking, yawning, or opening wide uncomfortable.

Importantly, “TMJ” describes the joint itself, while “TMD” describes the condition. Public health sources such as the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research guide to TMD also make this distinction clear.

What symptoms can TMJ disorders cause?

TMJ disorders can cause a mix of joint and muscle symptoms. Common complaints include jaw pain, pain in front of the ear, clicking or popping, jaw locking, stiffness, reduced mouth opening, chewing pain, and tenderness through the face or temples.

Some people also notice TMJ headaches, neck tension, or combined headache, neck and jaw pain. Functionally, the key problem is often poor jaw load tolerance. In other words, the jaw may cope poorly with chewing, clenching, wide opening, singing, dental work, or long conversations.

What causes TMJ disorders?

The exact cause is not always simple. TMJ disorders often develop from several contributing factors rather than one single event. These may include clenching or grinding, jaw overload, trauma, arthritis, poor posture, stress-related muscle tension, missing teeth, bite changes, or altered neck and jaw movement control.

Disc irritation can also contribute to painful clicking or locking. If you want a deeper explanation of contributors, read why TMJ dysfunction occurs. Some people with mixed headache symptoms may also benefit from comparing tension headache and neck-related headache patterns.

How are TMJ disorders diagnosed?

Diagnosis usually starts with a clinical assessment. A dentist, doctor, or physiotherapist will ask about your symptoms, chewing tolerance, clenching habits, headaches, neck pain, and what movements aggravate the problem. They will also assess jaw opening, closing symmetry, side-to-side movement, muscle tenderness, joint sounds, and related neck function.

Scans are not always required. X-rays, CT, or MRI may be considered if the presentation is persistent, severe, locking is significant, trauma is involved, or structural change needs clarification. However, many TMJ presentations can be assessed well from your history and movement findings before imaging is considered.

What can I do at home for TMJ pain?

Simple self-care often helps settle an irritated jaw. Try softer foods for a short period, avoid chewing gum, reduce wide yawning where possible, and stop habits such as pen chewing or resting your jaw in your hand. Moist heat over the jaw muscles may ease muscle guarding for some people.

In addition, many people benefit from learning how to reduce daytime clenching, improving posture, and using gentle jaw-opening or control exercises. If symptoms keep returning, self-care works best when matched to a clear diagnosis rather than used randomly.

What treatment may help TMJ pain?

Most TMJ treatment starts conservatively. Depending on the main driver, treatment may include education, habit change, mouth-opening exercises, jaw and neck exercises, manual therapy, load modification, pain relief advice, dental splints, or selected dental treatment when bite or tooth wear is relevant.

A TMJ treatment plan usually works best when it addresses both short-term symptom settling and longer-term control of overload, clenching, posture, and movement quality. Most cases do not need surgery, although specialist review may be needed in severe or persistent cases.

How can a physiotherapist help with TMJ issues?

A physiotherapist may help by improving jaw movement quality, reducing muscle guarding, and addressing related neck and postural contributors. Treatment may include jaw joint mobilisation, soft tissue techniques, targeted exercises, posture retraining, relaxation strategies, and practical advice to reduce daily jaw strain.

Physiotherapy is often most useful when your symptoms link with muscle tension, movement asymmetry, neck involvement, or poor load tolerance. Importantly, physiotherapists also help guide rehabilitation, which means gradually improving mobility, strength, control, and confidence in everyday jaw use rather than relying only on passive symptom relief.

How can a dentist help with TMJ issues?

Dentists help assess tooth wear, bite factors, oral appliances, and dental contributors such as bruxism. In some cases, a stabilisation splint or night guard may reduce joint and muscle loading. Dental care can be especially useful when clenching, grinding, or bite-related factors are prominent.

For some people, the best results come from combined care. A dentist may help manage tooth or bite-related loading, while a physiotherapist improves jaw movement, muscle function, and neck-related contributors.

When should I seek professional help for TMJ issues?

You should seek assessment if jaw pain persists, worsens, repeatedly locks, limits eating or speaking, or is linked with frequent headaches, neck pain, swelling, trauma, or major difficulty opening your mouth. It is also sensible to get checked if symptoms keep recurring despite rest or home care.

If you are unsure whether the main driver is dental, muscular, joint-related, or neck-related, an assessment can help clarify the cause and guide the right next step.

Related TMJ and jaw pain pages

What to do next

If your jaw pain, clicking, headaches, or locking keep returning, do not just wait for it to settle on its own. A proper assessment can help identify whether the main problem relates to joint irritation, muscle overload, clenching, bite factors, neck involvement, or a combination of these.

Bring a short history of what triggers your symptoms, what eases them, whether you wake with jaw tension, and whether headaches or neck pain occur at the same time. That gives your clinician a much clearer starting point and helps guide the most appropriate treatment plan.

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References

  1. Busse JW, Riva JJ, Pollock R, et al. Management of chronic pain associated with temporomandibular disorders: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2023;383:e076227. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076227
  2. Idáñez-Robles AM, de la Torre Canales G, Martín-Casas P, et al. Exercise therapy improves pain and mouth opening in temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2023;37(4):443-461. doi:10.1177/02692155221133523
  3. González-Sánchez B, Infante-Cossío P, Bravo-Zúñiga J, et al. Temporomandibular joint dysfunctions: a systematic review of treatment approaches in physiotherapy. J Clin Med. 2023;12(13):4302. doi:10.3390/jcm12134302
  4. Ooi K, Matsuka Y, Fushima K, et al. Clinical practice guidelines in primary treatment for temporomandibular disorders: The Japanese Society for the Temporomandibular Joint, 2023 edition. J Oral Rehabil. 2025. doi:10.1111/joor.13907

TMJ Treatment: Effective Help for Jaw Pain and TMD

John Miller Physiotherapist Erin Runge Physiotherapist
Article by John Miller & Erin Runge
TMJ treatment jaw assessment with physiotherapist guiding jaw movement

TMJ assessment during physiotherapy treatment

TMJ treatment may help jaw pain, clicking, stiffness and jaw muscle tension. It is often used when temporomandibular disorder, also called TMD, affects how your jaw opens, closes or loads during chewing.

Many people improve with simple steps first. These may include physio, jaw exercises, load changes, habit tips and, when needed, dental or medical care. If your symptoms involve painful chewing, morning jaw tightness, headaches, locking or neck tension, start with the broader jaw pain cluster. This page also links to TMD and TMJ physio treatment.

Quick Answer: What Is the Best First Step for TMJ Treatment?

TMJ treatment usually starts with gentle care. A physio may check jaw movement, neck movement, muscle tension, habits and chewing load. Dental review may also be needed if you have tooth wear, bite change, tooth pain, major locking, trauma or possible infection.

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Common Signs TMJ Treatment May Help

  • Jaw pain, tightness or fatigue with chewing or talking
  • Clicking, popping or catching in the jaw joint
  • Reduced mouth opening or uneven jaw movement
  • TMJ headache, ear discomfort or facial ache
  • Neck tension, clenching or grinding that keeps returning

What Is TMD?

TMD is a group of jaw joint and jaw muscle problems. It may cause pain, stiffness, clicking, locking or reduced movement. It can affect eating, talking, yawning and sleep. It can also overlap with neck pain and headache patterns.

TMD is not one single problem. Some people have mainly muscle pain. Others have joint irritation, disc movement issues, arthritis or a mixed pattern. A clear assessment helps match the TMJ treatment plan to the main driver.

Common Causes of TMD

TMD is often mixed. Several factors may build at the same time. Jaw overload, muscle tension, poor sleep, stress and neck stiffness can all play a role.

  • Jaw clenching or teeth grinding, also called bruxism
  • Chewing gum, tough foods or long dental visits
  • Joint irritation, disc movement issues or jaw arthritis
  • Stress, poor sleep and muscle guarding
  • Upper neck stiffness or posture strain
  • Past trauma, dental work or long mouth opening

Jaw symptoms can also sit within headache, neck and jaw pain patterns. That is why good care often looks beyond the jaw alone.

What Symptoms Suggest You May Need TMJ Treatment?

You may need TMJ treatment if jaw symptoms keep coming back, affect eating or talking, or spread into your head, face or neck. A painless click with normal movement may only need advice. Painful clicking, locking or reduced opening should be assessed.

Common symptoms include:

  • Jaw pain near the joint or chewing muscles
  • Pain with biting, chewing, yawning or singing
  • Clicking, popping, grinding or poor tracking
  • Hard opening or jaw drift to one side
  • Morning jaw tightness from clenching or grinding
  • Earache, facial ache or headaches linked to the jaw

Which Type of TMJ Problem Might You Have?

A proper assessment is still the best way to find the main driver. This guide can help you decide what to do next.

Muscle-Dominant Jaw Pain

If your jaw feels tight, tired or sore with chewing, the problem may be muscle-driven. It may also worsen with stress or clenching. These cases often respond to jaw control exercises, load changes and habit tips.

Clicking Without Pain

If your jaw clicks but opens well and does not hurt, it may only need advice and load control. Not every click needs active treatment.

Clicking With Pain or Reduced Opening

If clicking hurts, catches or limits opening, treatment is more likely to help. A physio can check whether the issue is muscle, joint, disc-related or mixed.

Locking or Major Restriction

If your jaw locks open or closed, or you suddenly cannot open well, seek prompt care. These cases may need shared care and sometimes imaging.

Bite or Tooth Concerns

If you notice tooth wear, bite change or tooth pain, a dentist should also be involved. Many people do best with shared physio and dental care.

How Is TMJ Dysfunction Assessed?

TMJ dysfunction is usually assessed with a clinical exam. Your physio may check jaw opening, side movement, joint sounds, muscle tenderness, neck movement, posture and habits such as clenching, nail biting or chewing overload.

A dentist may be needed when tooth wear, bite issues or splint planning are relevant. Imaging is not routine for every case. It may be considered after trauma, with long-lasting locking, or when the joint picture is more complex.

How Can Physiotherapy Help TMJ Treatment?

Physio may help TMJ treatment by improving jaw control, easing overload and reducing muscle guarding. It may also address neck or posture factors. Current guidelines support simple, conservative care as the usual first step for many TMD cases.

Your plan may include a mix of care based on your assessment.

TMJ treatment jaw control exercise with neck posture guidance

Guided jaw control exercise for TMJ treatment

1. Education and Load Management

You may be advised to reduce hard chewing, wide yawning, long mouth opening or daytime clenching. This gives the joint and muscles time to settle.

2. Jaw Mobility and Control Exercises

Jaw exercises may help smoother opening and closing. They may also reduce guarding. Some people later add gentle strength work once pain settles.

3. Neck and Upper-Quarter Treatment

The jaw does not work alone. Many plans include the upper neck and posture system because neck pain and jaw pain often overlap. Some people may also benefit from neck strengthening.

4. Manual Therapy

Manual therapy may help muscle tenderness, joint stiffness and movement limits. Treatment may include soft tissue work, joint mobilisation and neck care where suitable.

5. Other Care When Needed

Some people may also benefit from dry needling, sleep advice, relaxation tips or shared care with a dentist. For more detail, see TMJ physio treatment.

Should You See a Physio or Dentist First?

Choose physio first if your main issue is jaw movement, muscle pain, neck stiffness, posture strain or load sensitivity. Choose dental care first if you have tooth pain, bite change, tooth wear, swelling, infection signs or likely splint needs. Shared care is often useful.

What Should You Avoid if Your Jaw Is Irritated?

If your jaw is flared up, reduce repeated strain for a short time. This does not mean stopping normal jaw use forever. It means calming the area first, then building tolerance again.

  • Avoid chewing gum
  • Limit very hard, chewy or crunchy foods for a short time
  • Try not to force wide yawning
  • Keep your teeth apart at rest to reduce clenching
  • Avoid leaning on your jaw

When Should Jaw Pain Also Be Checked by a Dentist or Doctor?

Jaw pain should also be checked by a dentist or doctor when you have tooth pain, bite change, tooth wear, infection signs, major trauma, persistent locking or symptoms that do not fit a simple muscle or joint pattern.

Jaw Pain Red Flags

Seek prompt medical or dental review if you have sudden jaw locking that will not release, major facial trauma, severe swelling, fever, infection signs, numbness or unexplained weight loss. These signs need more than routine TMJ treatment.

FAQs About TMJ Treatment

Can TMJ Treatment Help Jaw Clicking?

TMJ treatment may help when clicking is linked to poor control, muscle tension or overload. A painless click with normal movement may only need advice. Painful clicking, catching or locking should be assessed.

How Long Does TMJ Treatment Take to Work?

This depends on the cause, symptom time and daily habits. Mild muscle-driven cases may improve within a few weeks. Longer-lasting or mixed problems often need a steadier plan and review.

Can Stress Make TMJ Symptoms Worse?

Yes. Stress can increase clenching, muscle guarding, poor sleep and pain sensitivity. This does not mean the pain is “just stress”. It means stress control can be one useful part of care.

Should I See a Physio or Dentist for TMD?

Many people benefit from both. Physios help with jaw movement, muscle pain, neck links and load control. Dentists help when bite, splints, tooth wear or dental causes need review.

Is Imaging Needed for TMJ Dysfunction?

Not usually. Many cases are assessed in the clinic first. Imaging may be considered after trauma, with long-lasting locking, marked restriction or possible joint changes.

Can Neck Treatment Help Jaw Pain?

Yes, in some cases. Jaw pain and neck dysfunction often overlap. This is more likely when headaches, posture strain or upper neck stiffness are also present.

Related PhysioWorks Articles

What Should You Do Next?

If jaw pain keeps coming back, or chewing and talking feel harder than they should, a targeted assessment can help. Your physio can check whether the main driver is muscle, joint, neck, bite-related or mixed.

PhysioWorks can assess your jaw, neck and movement pattern. You can then start a practical plan. If your symptoms need dental or medical care, your clinician can guide that step early.

Book your appointment – 24/7

Choose your preferred PhysioWorks clinic and book online.

View all clinic locations

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Get free physiotherapy tips, exercise videos, recovery advice, and blog updates.

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References

  1. Busse JW, Casassus R, Carrasco-Labra A, et al. Management of chronic pain associated with temporomandibular disorders: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2023;383:e076227. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076227
  2. Ooi K, Nishiyama A, Yuasa H, et al. Clinical practice guidelines in primary treatment for temporomandibular disorders: The Japanese Society for the Temporomandibular Joint, 2023 edition. J Prosthodont Res. 2025;69(4):608-617. doi:10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_24_00168
  3. Tran C, Ghahreman K, Huppa C, Gallagher JE. Management of temporomandibular disorders: a rapid review of systematic reviews and guidelines. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2022;51(9):1211-1225. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2021.11.009
  4. Mortazavi N, Khaki N, Sharifian MR, Vossoughi M. Is bruxism associated with temporomandibular joint disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br Dent J. 2023. doi:10.1038/s41415-023-6094-3

TMJ Treatment for Jaw Pain


John Miller Physiotherapist


Shane Armfield Physiotherapist

Article by
John Miller,
Shane Armfield
TMJ treatment assessment for jaw pain and controlled mouth opening
Physiotherapy assessment for TMJ treatment and jaw movement control.

TMJ treatment focuses on reducing jaw pain, restoring normal jaw movement, and addressing contributing factors such as muscle tension, posture, clenching, and joint control. TMJ-related symptoms often overlap with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), jaw pain, TMJ-related headaches, and neck pain.

Many people seek physiotherapy when jaw pain, clicking, headaches, or restricted mouth opening affect chewing, speaking, sleep, work, or exercise. Early assessment can help identify whether symptoms are mainly linked with jaw control, muscle tension, neck stiffness, dental loading, or a mix of factors.

TMJ Treatment Quick Guide

  • Common symptoms: jaw pain, clicking, locking, headaches, facial pain, and neck stiffness.
  • Assessment focus: jaw movement, joint tenderness, muscle sensitivity, neck movement, and clenching habits.
  • Physio treatment may include: jaw exercises, manual therapy, posture changes, and relaxation strategies.
  • Dental care may help: especially when clenching, grinding, bite loading, or tooth wear contributes.
  • Seek care early: if jaw pain affects chewing, speaking, sleep, work, or exercise.

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What Is TMJ Treatment?

TMJ treatment addresses problems affecting the temporomandibular joint and surrounding jaw muscles. These problems are commonly grouped under temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Treatment aims to settle pain, improve jaw coordination, and reduce strain during daily tasks such as talking, chewing, yawning, and prolonged desk work.

Why Does TMJ Dysfunction Occur?

TMJ dysfunction may develop due to jaw overload, teeth clenching or grinding, trauma, arthritis, or prolonged muscle tension. Head, neck, and jaw posture may also play a role. Stress-related muscle guarding can increase jaw tightness and make symptoms harder to settle.

How Is TMJ Dysfunction Assessed?

A physiotherapist will usually assess jaw movement, muscle tone, posture, and neck contribution. This may include checking mouth opening, jaw tracking, joint tenderness, muscle sensitivity, and neck movement. Dentists may assess bite alignment, tooth wear, and clenching signs. Imaging such as X-ray or MRI is occasionally used when symptoms persist or joint structure needs review.

Common TMJ Symptoms

  • Jaw pain or tightness
  • Clicking or popping during mouth opening
  • Restricted jaw movement or locking
  • Headaches or facial pain
  • Neck stiffness or ear discomfort

For a broader overview of symptom patterns and causes, see our guide to temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD).

TMJ Symptoms Worth Checking

A physiotherapy assessment may help when jaw symptoms affect chewing, speaking, work posture, sleep, or exercise.

  • Jaw pain with chewing, yawning, or prolonged talking
  • Clicking, popping, locking, or restricted mouth opening
  • Headaches linked with jaw or neck tension
  • Facial pain, ear discomfort, or neck stiffness
  • Symptoms that keep returning despite rest
TMJ treatment physiotherapy with jaw support for female patient during clinic assessment

TMJ assessment can identify jaw control, joint, muscle, and neck contributors.

How Can Physiotherapy Help TMJ Dysfunction?

Physiotherapy for TMJ dysfunction usually combines education, jaw movement retraining, muscle relaxation strategies, and neck-related treatment where relevant. The aim is to reduce irritation, improve jaw control, and help you return to normal daily function with less pain.

Manual Therapy

Hands-on techniques may help reduce muscle tension and joint stiffness. Treatment may include soft tissue techniques, joint mobilisation, and targeted neck treatment when the neck contributes to jaw symptoms.

Jaw Control and Strength Exercises

Specific exercises aim to restore smooth jaw movement and improve muscle coordination. Your physiotherapist may guide controlled opening, side-to-side movement, relaxation drills, and graded strengthening where appropriate.

Postural Retraining

Head, neck, and jaw posture can influence TMJ loading. Exercises often focus on reducing sustained forward head posture, improving neck control, and limiting jaw overuse patterns during desk work, study, and screen time.

Neuromuscular Re-Education

Movement retraining may help normalise jaw control and reduce protective muscle guarding. This can be useful when the jaw deviates, clicks painfully, or feels difficult to control during opening and closing.

Dry Needling and Acupuncture

Dry needling or acupuncture may help selected people when muscular pain dominates symptoms. Your physiotherapist will discuss whether these options suit your presentation, goals, and comfort level.

What Does Recent Research Say About TMJ Treatment?

Recent clinical research supports conservative management as a first-line approach for many TMJ conditions. Exercise-based therapy, manual techniques, education, and shared dental care are commonly considered before invasive options. Research also highlights that temporomandibular disorders can involve joint, muscle, behavioural, and pain-system factors, so care often works best when it matches the person’s presentation.

Should You See a Physio or Dentist for TMJ Pain?

Consider physiotherapy when jaw pain is linked with restricted movement, clicking with pain, neck stiffness, headaches, posture, muscle tension, or difficulty controlling jaw movement.

Consider dental review when you notice clenching, grinding, tooth wear, bite discomfort, morning jaw tightness, or symptoms that worsen overnight.

Many people benefit from both. Your physiotherapist may recommend dental input when bite loading, grinding, or splint options need review.

Dental TMJ Treatment Options

Dental care may be useful when clenching, grinding, bite loading, or dental wear contributes to TMJ symptoms. A dentist may discuss options such as:

  • Occlusal splints or bite plates
  • Orthodontic management where bite alignment contributes
  • Dental restorations for uneven bite surfaces
  • Botulinum toxin injections in selected muscular cases

Post-Surgical TMJ Physiotherapy

After TMJ surgery, physiotherapy may assist with restoring jaw mobility, improving muscle control, and progressing functional movement in a graded manner. Your surgeon’s protocol and post-operative restrictions should guide early rehabilitation.

When Do Physiotherapists and Dentists Work Together for TMJ Pain?

Many TMJ cases benefit from shared care between physiotherapists and dentists. Physiotherapy can address jaw movement, neck contribution, and muscle control. Dental care can address clenching, bite-related loading, dental wear, and splint options. This combined approach may be useful for persistent, complex, or recurring symptoms.

TMJ Treatment FAQs

What treatment may help TMJ pain?

Treatment depends on the cause of your jaw pain. Many people start with conservative care such as education, jaw exercises, posture changes, manual therapy, and dental review where clenching or bite loading contributes.

Can physiotherapy help jaw clicking?

Physiotherapy may help when jaw clicking is linked with pain, restricted opening, muscle tension, or poor jaw control. Clicking without pain may not always need treatment, but painful or worsening clicking should be assessed.

How do I know if my jaw pain is from TMJ dysfunction?

TMJ dysfunction may cause jaw pain, clicking, locking, restricted mouth opening, facial pain, headaches, or ear discomfort. A physiotherapist can assess jaw movement, muscle tenderness, neck contribution, and symptom behaviour.

Can neck pain contribute to TMJ symptoms?

Yes. Neck stiffness, posture, muscle tension, and headache patterns can overlap with jaw symptoms. This is why a TMJ assessment often includes the jaw, neck, upper back, and daily posture habits.

When should I see a dentist for TMJ pain?

Consider dental review when you notice tooth grinding, clenching, tooth wear, morning jaw tightness, bite discomfort, or symptoms that worsen overnight. A dentist may assess whether a splint or other dental option is appropriate.

TMJ treatment controlled mouth opening retraining for jaw pain
Guided jaw control retraining for TMJ pain

What To Do Next

If jaw pain, clicking, or stiffness is affecting daily function, a physiotherapy assessment can help determine contributing factors and guide early management. You can also read about treatment options for temporomandibular joint disorder and how dizziness can relate to jaw symptoms in TMJ disorders and dizziness. Dental input may be recommended when bite-related loading is present.

Book your appointment – 24/7

Choose your preferred PhysioWorks clinic and book online.

View all clinic locations

Follow PhysioWorks

Get free physiotherapy tips, exercise videos, recovery advice, and blog updates.

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References

  1. Tran C, Ghahreman K, Huppa C, et al. Management of temporomandibular disorders: a rapid review of systematic reviews and guidelines. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2022;51(9):1211-1225. doi:10.1016/j.ijom.2021.11.009
  2. Patel K, Eley KA, Cascarini L, et al. Temporomandibular disorders-review of evidence-based management and a proposed multidisciplinary care pathway. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2023;136(1):54-69. doi:10.1016/j.oooo.2023.02.001
  3. Asquini G, Pitance L, Michelotti A, Falla D. Effectiveness of manual therapy applied to craniomandibular structures in temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2022;49(4):442-455. doi:10.1111/joor.13299